Invest in Ukraine: Building a Brighter Future Through Strategic Investments

PwC offers end-to-end advisory services through a single-entry point, helping investors navigate the Ukrainian market with confidence. We combine deep sectoral insight with hands-on support to ensure efficient, secure, and scalable entry and operations.

Our services include:

1. Tailored Market Analysis
   • In-depth market overviews aligned with the investor’s sector and business model
   • Identification of high-potential niches and trends across the Ukrainian economy
2. Opportunity Mapping
   • Overview of current and emerging opportunities across key sectors
   • Focus on scalable, innovative, or socially impactful business models
3. Regulatory and Policy Landscape Analysis
   • Guidance on legal, regulatory, and institutional frameworks
   • Overview of licensing, permits, procurement procedures, and compliance requirements
4. Needs and Demand Assessment
   • Evaluation of sector-specific gaps and unmet needs
   • Identification of areas where modern technologies or investment can drive measurable impact
5. Stakeholder and Partnership Mapping
   • Identification of key public and private sector stakeholders – authorities, municipalities, institutions, NGOs, and businesses
   • Support in establishing cooperation, pilot initiatives, or joint projects
   • Assistance with government engagement and communication to streamline approvals and help ensure policy alignment
6. Barrier and Risk Assessment
   • Analysis of legal, financial, political, and operational risks
   • Development of mitigation strategies, including support in navigating foreign currency regulations and capital controls
7. Strategic Market Entry Guidance
   • Recommendations on entry models, partnership strategies, and positioning
   • Structuring of investments to enable efficient profit repatriation and tax compliance
8. Investor Materials and Briefing Preparation
   • Preparation of professional investor materials, pitch decks, and briefing notes tailored to local context and audience.

PwC supports both market newcomers and existing investors looking to restructure or withdraw, ensuring that each step is legally sound, strategically aligned, and operationally efficient.

Our services include:

1. Legal entity setup and structuring
   • Registration and compliance with local regulatory frameworks
   • Advice on corporate governance and tax structuring
   • Market Entry Support
2. Regulatory Navigation
   • Ongoing guidance on licensing, sectoral regulation, and operational compliance
   • Identification and resolution of regulatory risks and bottlenecks
3. Exit Strategy and Execution
   • Strategic advisory on market exit options, including carve-outs and divestitures
   • Legal and financial structuring of exits and support in negotiations

Business Operation Support

We help businesses establish and manage resilient operations in Ukraine by offering integrated legal, financial, and strategic assistance.

Our services include:

• Development of tailored operating models and internal governance frameworks
• Drafting and implementation of internal policies, procedures, and control mechanisms
• Structuring business processes to ensure compliance, efficiency, and scalability
• Subscription-based support packages (legal, tax, customs, HR, GR) to ensure stability and cost-efficiency for ongoing operations

We are recognised as leading providers of feasibility studies because we deliver clear, data-driven insights that help clients make confident, strategic decisions. With cross-industry experience and a tailored approach, we identify risks, assess opportunities, and ensure every project is grounded in practical, actionable analysis.

• Preliminary Analysis 
  We clarify objectives, challenge assumptions, and align the study with strategic goals – ensuring a focused and relevant scope from the start

• Market Research 
  We provide deep market insights using up-to-date data, competitor benchmarking, and customer analysis to validate demand and identify opportunities

• Financial Analysis 
  We build robust financial models, test scenarios, and highlight funding strategies to ensure realistic and sustainable projections

• Legal and Regulatory Review 
  We identify compliance requirements and legal risks early, helping navigate permits, licenses, and environmental standards

• Risk Assessment 
  We conduct structured risk analysis, prioritize threats, and propose mitigation plans to strengthen resilience

• Conclusion and Recommendations 
  We deliver clear, actionable insights and strategic guidance, helping stakeholders make confident go/no-go decisions

We provide end-to-end legal and strategic support for land and real estate transactions — from title verification and regulatory due diligence to structuring acquisitions and managing government relations. Our team helps clients navigate complex transactions with confidence, especially in the current wartime and recovery context.

• Comprehensive Due Diligence
  We assess the legal status, ownership history, zoning compliance, encumbrances, and potential risks of land plots and real estate assets to ensure secure and transparent transactions

• Strategic Deal Structuring 
  We design optimal structures for asset or share-based acquisitions, prepare transaction documentation, and guide clients through contract negotiations to ensure seamless execution in line with Ukrainian legislation and international best practices

• Acquisition Support
  We advise on and manage the acquisition process — including land purchases via private sale or auctions, real estate asset deals, or M&A involving property holdings — and handle all related legal procedures

• Land Use & Development Advisory
  We assist in navigating land use designation, rezoning, and alignment with urban planning documentation to unlock development potential and mitigate regulatory risks

• Government & Regulatory Relations
  We facilitate engagement with national and local authorities, ensuring compliance with land and construction regulations, permitting, and effective resolution of administrative issues

We support investors and developers across all stages of real estate and infrastructure development in Ukraine, with a strong focus on construction and project implementation in wartime conditions. PwC provides integrated legal, financial, and technical assistance to ensure security, compliance, and successful execution of development projects.

Our infrastructure and construction-related services include:

1. Market and Sector Analysis
   • Market analysis of infrastructure and real estate sectors
   • Identification of priority areas for investment, including commercial, industrial, and housing development
2. Due Diligence and Asset Verification
   • Full-scope legal and regulatory due diligence of land plots, real estate assets, construction sites, and utility connections
   • Analysis of zoning, urban planning documentation (General Plan, DPT), encumbrances, and title issues
3. Feasibility and Business Case Development
   • Preparation of business cases, pre-feasibility and feasibility studies for development projects
4. Infrastructure Transaction Advisory
   • Feasibility and risk analysis
   • Development of funding options and construction contract structures
   • Financial modelling and structuring
   • Transaction support and post-deal advisory
5. War Risk Insurance and Crisis Solutions
   • Securing war risk insurance for assets and operations
   • Tailored crisis and continuity solutions during construction
6. Full-Scope Implementation Support
   • Legal and technical support throughout the project, including:
     • Land allotment
     • Zoning and permitting
     • Construction supervision
     • Dispute prevention and resolution during execution
7. Government Relations (GR)
   • Support in communication and negotiations with national and local authorities
   • Assistance with approvals, infrastructure connections, and administrative procedures

PwC provides comprehensive legal, technical, and strategic support for residential development projects in Ukraine, with a particular focus on wartime constraints, post-displacement needs, and regulatory streamlining.

Our services include:

1. Wartime Construction Strategy
   • Recommendations on legally and practically viable construction models during wartime and under martial law
2. Support for IDP Housing
   • Guidance on simplified construction and housing procedures for projects targeting internally displaced persons (IDPs)
3. Urban Planning and Permitting
   • Supervising and legal assistance with navigating zoning amendments, utility connections, permits, and all related approvals
   • Acceleration of administrative procedures through structured engagement with public authorities
4. Incentives and Benefits
   • Advisory on available legal, tax, or procedural preferences depending on the project type and location
5. End-to-End Implementation Support
   • Full-scope legal and technical support across all project stages: land allocation, permitting, construction supervision, and compliance
6. Government Relations (GR)
   • Strategic support in managing stakeholder relations and aligning with central and local government priorities
7. Real Estate Financing Solutions
   • Development and implementation of innovative residential financing tools, including per-square-meter presales and phased funding models

PwC provides end-to-end support for investors seeking to benefit from Ukraine’s special legal regime for large-scale investment projects, as defined under Law No. 1116-IX “On State Support for Investment Projects with Significant Investments.” We guide clients through the full process — from eligibility assessment to implementation and monitoring.

Our services include:

1. Benefit Assessment
   • Legal and financial assessment of the project’s eligibility under the Law
   • Evaluation of available incentives (tax, customs, infrastructure, land) and assessment of the likelihood of securing state support
2. Full Project Support
   • Preparation of the application and project dossier, including:
     • Feasibility studies and financial models
     • Drafting and negotiation of the Special Investment Agreement with the Cabinet of Ministers and local authorities
   • Support during the full implementation phase, including compliance reporting and benefit realization
3. Government Relations
   • Strategic coordination with UkraineInvest, the Ministry of Economy, and local self-government bodies
   • Support in securing necessary permits, infrastructure compensation, land allocation, and streamlined administrative procedures

PwC is a recognized advisor on infrastructure transactions, with deep expertise in structuring, financing, and implementing PPP projects. We guide both private investors and public authorities across all stages of the PPP lifecycle — from initial concept to long-term operation.

Our services include:

1. Full-Scope PPP Project Support
   • Legal and financial structuring tailored to sector specifics
   • Comprehensive financial modelling, including legal analysis and funding model design
   • Legal and financial due diligence
   • Sector-specific advisory (e.g., water, energy, construction, healthcare)
2. Transaction Support
   • Preparation of tender documentation and bid evaluation
   • Deal structuring, documentation, and negotiation
   • Risk allocation and bankability assessment
3. Fundraising and Investment Structuring
   • Support in engaging IFIs, DFIs, commercial banks, and donor programs
   • Development of blended finance and de-risking structures
4. Government Relations (GR) and Stakeholder Negotiation
   • Strategic support in communication and negotiation with state and local authorities
   • Alignment with national recovery priorities and sectoral programs
5. Post-Deal Services
   • Assistance with refinancing, equity sale, and restructuring
   • Design and implementation of operational models
   • Audit, assurance, and performance monitoring services
   • Ongoing post-transaction advisory, legal and compliance support

PwC provides end-to-end support for mergers, acquisitions, and strategic investments in Ukraine. Whether on the buy or sell side, we help clients identify the right opportunities, execute transactions efficiently, and unlock long-term value.

Our services include:

1. Target Screening and Buy-Side Advisory
   • Identification and evaluation of potential acquisition targets based on strategic fit, risk profile, and financial performance
   • Support in approaching and engaging targets discreetly and professionally
2. Due Diligence
   • Comprehensive due diligence covering legal, financial, tax, ESG, IT, commercial, and operational aspects
   • Strategic and commercial assessments to validate assumptions and inform valuation
3. Full-Scope Transaction Support
   • Deal structuring and negotiation assistance
   • Drafting and review of transaction documentation
   • Regulatory compliance and antitrust clearance
   • Obtaining approvals from regulators (in particular, National Bank of Ukraine)
   • Coordination of all workstreams through to closing
4. Post-Merger Integration and Action Planning
   • Planning and implementation of integration strategies
   • Operational, financial, and legal alignment of the acquired business with the buyer’s structure
   • Identification and realization of synergies and value creation opportunities

We help clients navigate the complexities of Ukrainian tax regulations by focusing on management of the risks and prevention of tax disputes. PwC’s team brings together in-depth knowledge of Ukrainian tax regulations with a global perspective, offering practical, tailored strategies that reflect both local realities and international standards.

Our services include:

1. International tax 
   • Pre- and post-M&A structuring
   • Analysis of the options for financing the activities, consulting on interest deductibility rules
   • Elaboration of operational and holding, IP structures, modelling related tax liabilities
   • Analysis of eligibility for tax incentives under the international tax treaties 
   • Assistance with preparation of the defense file to support application of the treaty benefits
2. Direct and indirect tax consulting
   • Comparison of business models from tax and customs perspective
   • Analysis of your eligibility for VAT refund
   • Analysis of potential tax savings from a specific transaction or a business model
   • Identify cost saving opportunities by developing comprehensive solutions for efficient import and export operations, logistics processes and structuring of operations;
   • Improve customs operations efficiency by auditing and engineering business processes.
3. Turn-key transfer pricing (“TP”)  services
   • Planning and development; transfer pricing methodology for permanent establishments
   • Analysis and transformation of operational model, transfer of functions, risks and assets abroad; structuring of operational activities
   • Assisting in substantiation the economic benefit of intragroup services and intangible assets received
   • Assistance with TP reporting and compliance
4. Government Liaison and Dispute Resolution:
   • Representation before Ukrainian authorities, advocating for clients' interests and ensuring fair treatment.
   • Expert guidance and support during tax, customs and other audits.
   • Strategic management of the disputes, including negotiation, and litigation support.
   • Proactive communication with government bodies to clarify regulations and resolve potential issues before they escalate.
   • Assistance in appealing adverse decisions from government authorities.

PwC provides expert accounting support tailored to the needs of international and domestic companies operating in Ukraine. Our services ensure full compliance with IFRS and national standards, while also offering practical solutions for complex transactions and reporting requirements.

Our services include:

1. Financial Statement Preparation
   • Preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards and Ukrainian National Accounting Standards (NAS)
   • Transformation of statutory reporting into IFRS-compliant formats for internal or external use
2. Management Reporting and XBRL
   • Preparation of XBRL files for regulatory submission
   • Development of customized management reports for internal decision-making
3. Accounting Advisory
   • Advice on complex accounting matters and non-standard transactions (e.g. mergers, revaluations, restructuring)
   • Drafting of accounting memos and technical position papers
4. Accounting Policy Development
   • Design and documentation of accounting policies aligned with business specifics and applicable standards
   • Internal methodology support for multinational or group-level consistency
5. Outsourced Accounting Services
   • Provision of full or partial outsourced accounting, including bookkeeping, payroll, tax reporting, and interim CFO/controller functions

PwC supports businesses in integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors into their strategy, operations, and reporting. We help ensure compliance with international standards, improve access to green finance, and enhance long-term resilience and stakeholder trust.

Our ESG advisory services include:

1. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
   • Identification and analysis of environmental and social risks associated with specific projects or operations
   • Compliance with national and international E&S standards and donor requirements
2. Climate Risk Assessment
   • Evaluation of physical and transitional climate risks 
3. Sustainability Strategy Development
   • Design of ESG and sustainability strategies aligned with business goals, stakeholder expectations, and regulatory obligations
4. Green Finance Advisory
   • Structuring and advisory on green, social, and sustainability-linked financing instruments
   • Support in aligning with eligibility criteria of IFIs, donors, and ESG investors
5. Carbon Footprint Assessment
   • Measurement of direct and indirect emissions (Scopes 1, 2, and 3)
   • Advisory on decarbonization pathways and net-zero commitments
6. Sustainability Reporting & Assurance
   • Preparation of sustainability reports in line with key global standards:
     • ESRS (EU Sustainability Reporting Standards)
     • GRI (Global Reporting Initiative)
     • SASB (Sustainability Accounting Standards Board)
   • Independent assurance of ESG disclosures

• Legal support for documenting and assessing damage to commercial, residential, and infrastructure assets (including preparation of required documentation).
• Identification of potential avenues for compensation tailored to your specific situation (Ukrainian courts, foreign courts, ECHR, etc.).
• Active pursuit of compensation claims through the chosen legal channels, providing robust representation throughout the process.

We support investors in overcoming the challenges of limited industrial capacity and restricted access to modern production infrastructure in Ukraine. Our multidisciplinary team offers end-to-end legal, strategic, and operational assistance to establish, scale, and manage manufacturing operations — including within industrial parks.

Our services include:

1. Industrial Park and Site Selection
   • Identifying optimal locations and industrial parks based on infrastructure readiness, logistics, and sector focus
   • Advising on available tax and regulatory incentives, including a realistic assessment of eligibility and approval processes
2. Legal and Regulatory Support
   • Full legal due diligence on industrial park participation: land, utilities, zoning, and compliance
   • Support in structuring agreements for land acquisition or lease, and verifying title, encumbrances, and development status
   • Guidance on securing all required permits and approvals for construction and operation
3. Technology Transfer and Production Setup
   • Facilitating investment in modern production lines and integration of new technologies
   • Structuring co-investment and supply chain partnerships with Ukrainian and international stakeholders
4. Operational and Government Relations Support
   • Supporting effective communication with park management companies, fellow residents, and relevant public authorities
   • Assistance in streamlining administrative procedures and ensuring long-term regulatory compliance
5. Project Implementation
   • Legal and technical support across all phases of project rollout — from land allocation and permitting to construction supervision and operational launch

Agriculture remains one of Ukraine’s most strategic sectors, forming the backbone of national exports and playing a critical role in global food security. Despite the challenges of war, Ukraine continues to be a leading global exporter of grains, oilseeds, and other agri-food products. With fertile black soils, large-scale farmland, and substantial investor interest, the sector offers significant opportunities — but also demands careful structuring and robust legal safeguards. PwC supports agribusinesses and investors with tailored, wartime-adapted solutions to protect assets, structure operations, and unlock long-term value.

Our services include:

1. Strategic Deal Structuring
   Structuring agricultural investments and ownership models in light of wartime restrictions and the current moratorium on land purchases by foreigners — with full consideration of legal, regulatory, and tax implications
2. Legal Support for Land Transactions
   Comprehensive legal support for agricultural land transactions during wartime, including purchase, lease, sublease, and related arrangements — ensuring compliance with evolving national legislation
3. Agribusiness Risk Protection
   • Real estate and land portfolio inventory and legal risk assessment
   • Identification of at-risk assets and vulnerable titles
   • Development and implementation of tailored legal strategies to mitigate risks and secure ownership rights
4. Government Relations and Compliance
   • Strategic coordination with national and local authorities to ensure alignment with agricultural policy and regional land management
   • Support with permits, documentation, and regulatory requirements
5. Long-Term Land Strategy Advisory
   Guidance on mid- and long-term land access strategies (including joint ventures, and future ownership models) in anticipation of post-war land reform and EU alignment

We help you manage supply chain vulnerabilities while minimising tax leakage related to customs and international trade.

Our solutions to managing supply chain risk and disruption include: 

• Implementing strategies for supply chain risk mitigation. 
• Optimising customs and international trade processes to decreasing tax burdens.
• The analysis of the correctness and reliability of the data specified in the customs declarations, through the reconciliation of accounting documents, accounts, and business management systems after customs clearance. 
• The analysis of the Company's customs activities for compliance with the requirements of the customs legislation of Ukraine; 
• Identification of the main risks related to customs and international trade activities, import permits and regulations and their prevention/mitigation;
• Identifying opportunities to improve the efficiency of logistics activities
• Verification of compliance with customs legislation

We offer customized strategies to help you successfully operate in Ukraine, addressing not only the immediate challenges of the ongoing conflict, but also the demands of rapid industrial growth.

1. Navigating Regulations and Legal Frameworks
   We facilitate seamless entry into the Ukrainian market and ongoing operations.
   
   Our specialized regulatory and legal support encompasses:
   • Structuring investments to optimize profit repatriation while minimizing tax implications, benefiting from available State incentives.
   • Addressing challenges related to export controls and restrictions.
   • Guidance on protecting intellectual property, safeguarding data, and managing foreign currency limitations.
   • Assistance with establishing a legal presence and forming joint ventures within Ukraine.
   • Facilitating communication and collaboration with key Ukrainian government bodies, including the Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Economy, to ensure compliance and efficient processes. We offer guidance and support throughout procurement processes.
   • Providing specialized advice on Ukrainian commercial law, including commercial contracts.
2. Expanding Manufacturing Capacity
   We assist in overcoming obstacles related to limited industrial resources and accessing advanced production capabilities.
   
   Our solutions for building manufacturing capacity include:
   • Identifying suitable industrial park options, locations, and available tax incentives.
   • Facilitating the transfer of technology and investment in state-of-the-art production lines.
3. Strengthening Supply Chains
   We help you mitigate supply chain risks and vulnerabilities while minimizing tax leakage associated with customs and international trade.
   
   Our solutions for managing supply chain resilience and mitigating disruptions include:
   • Developing and implementing strategies to proactively manage supply chain risks.
   • Optimizing customs and international trade procedures to reduce tax burdens.
4. Developing Workforce and Skills
   We partner with you to bridge talent gaps and attract qualified personnel, including veterans.
   
   Our workforce and skills development solutions include:
   • Designing upskilling and reskilling programs, developing effective recruitment strategies, and offering remote work options to engage a diverse workforce, including veterans.
   • Providing expert guidance on local labor laws and immigration regulations.
5. Enhancing Infrastructure and Security
   We provide solutions to enhance the security of your facilities and operations in Ukraine.
   
   Our infrastructure and security solutions include:
   • Implementing practical and effective security measures.
   • Securing appropriate war risk insurance coverage.
   • Resolving challenges related to land acquisition.
6. Protecting Intellectual Property (IP) and Data
   We assist organizations in safeguarding their IP, addressing data protection vulnerabilities, and navigating potentially conflicting legal requirements.
   
   Our IP and data protection solutions include:
   • Conducting legal risk assessments focused on IP and data protection.
   • Developing comprehensive compliance frameworks that align with both EU and Ukrainian regulations.
   • Assisting in managing potentially conflicting legal obligations.
7. Fostering Business Development and Strategic Alliances
   We identify opportunities and help organizations forge strategic partnerships.
   
   Our business development and strategic partnership solutions include:
   • Investment Support and Advisory. Guidance on navigating the Ukrainian investment environment, including managing legal and regulatory requirements and accessing available incentive programs.
   • Attracting Foreign Aid. Leveraging our extensive network to facilitate access to foreign aid, including collaboration with relevant embassies.
   • Tax and Customs Compliance. Providing specialized advice on tax compliance (including income tax, VAT, and direct taxes) and customs regulations, with a focus on international transactions and the specific needs of defense-related businesses.
   • Comprehensive Feasibility Research. Conducting thorough research focused on the Ukrainian defense market and identifying opportunities for dual-use technologies. This research includes technical feasibility studies, market analysis, risk assessment, and financial modeling.

Ukraine’s IT sector remains vital to the national economy during wartime, ranking second in the country’s economy (GDP) and first in export services. Over the last six years, Ukrainian IT companies have attracted nearly $15 billion in investments, which became possible due to the active interest of both local and international investors. The Ukrainian companies are developing unique expertise, particularly in Cybersecurity, DefenceTech, MedTech, AgriTech, EdTech, and GovTech.

Given the crucial role IT plays in business operations, information management, and financial reporting, as well as being one of the largest capital and operational expenditures, it should be a top priority during any transaction. This includes ensuring that technical architecture, cybersecurity, disaster recovery, and data protection are integral components of the assessment.

Overall, we offer peace of mind by helping to ensure that a target business’s IT systems are up to the job, properly secured, and by pinpointing resources critical to continued business as usual.

Our services include:

1. Feasibility study of technology-related projects
2. Support during M&A
3. Business continuity and disaster recovery planning
   • Establishment of emergency response PMO
   • Assessment of business critical sites for compliance, provision of recommendations, and development of a corrective action plan
   • Design and deployment of crisis management programme and train team members through the conduct of a series of practical exercises
   • Conducting Risk Assessments and Business Impact Analysis and deploying a BCMS
   • Perform an overview of the current state of existing BCP plans, crisis management program and response scenarios
4. Strengthening the cybersecurity of your organization by supporting the implementation of security architecture, processes, procedures, technical solutions. Security training of the management and employees
5. Technical and cyber due diligence:
   • IT Architecture Assessment: We assess the overall IT landscape, including platforms like websites and mobile apps. Our analysis covers architecture, technology use, product strategy, and development plans.
   • Information Security: We evaluate the security measures in place, including IT and security policies, user and access management, and support models.
   • Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC): We review the development processes, change management, testing procedures, and key performance indicators (KPIs).
   • IT Human Resources: We analyze the IT department's structure, reliance on key personnel, outsourcing dependence, internal competencies, and remuneration policies.
   • Software and IT Asset Management: We identify potential risks related to software licenses, intellectual property rights, IT expenses, and investment needs.
   • Technical Cybersecurity Review: We conduct network and infrastructure assessments, perform security testing on high-risk applications, and monitor for compromised data.
   • Privacy and Data Protection: We provide a high-level review of data processing activities, GDPR compliance, data protection documents, and breach notification processes.

We understand that in today’s Ukrainian reality, skilled employees are a company’s most valuable asset and competitive advantage. At the same time, gaps in human capital can significantly undermine business continuity and growth.

Our services include:

1. Labour and Immigration Support
   • Guidance on local labour laws and immigration regulations
   • Employment and immigration services for foreign investors
   • Support for investors with multiple citizenships
2. Talent Strategy and Workforce Solutions
   • Design and implementation of upskilling and reskilling programmes
   • Recruitment strategy development, including remote and hybrid work models
   • Tailored solutions to engage specific talent groups (e.g., veterans, displaced professionals)
3. Interim and Outsourced Staffing
   • Provision of interim and outsourced personnel across functions and seniority levels, including:
     • Corporate secretaries
     • Accountants and finance professionals
     • Administrative and support staff

We believe that strong IP and data protection are crucial for businesses as they preserve asset value, reduce legal and cybersecurity risks, and enhance long-term business viability. 

Our services include:

• IP strategy development and IP structuring 
• Data protection and DGPR gap analysis 
• IP contractual management 
• Domain name disputes resolution
• IP Due Diligence and clean-up
• Unfair competition
• IP registration
• IP portfolio audit
• IP disputes