Definitions and sources

Intellectual capital

Top 500 universities

Definition: Each city’s share of the world’s top 500 universities.

Sources: Academic Ranking of World Universities, Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Percent of population with higher education

Definition: The percent of the population with a higher education is derived from the number of people with a university-level education or higher, then divided by the total population.

Sources: American Community Survey Statistics Canada Eurostat www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr Shanghai Municipal Government Government of Singapore Tokyo Metropolitan Government The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region PricewaterhouseCoopers, Beijing Office Seoul National Statistical Office Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Government of Dubai .id demographers (Australian firm of demographers) Statistics South Africa: Community Survey 2007 Government of the State of Sao Paulo National Institution of Statistics and Geography Mexico

Notes: Seoul: Foreigners excluded

Top 100 MBA Universities

Definition: Each city’s share of the world’s top 100 MBA universities.

Sources: Financial Times Global Ranking 2008

Number of medical schools

Definition: The number includes medical schools located in each city.

Sources: Institute for International Medical Education; Harvard Medical School Dubai Center & Duke NUS Graduate medical School Singapore

Technology IQ and innovation

Employment in high-tech services

Definition: The number of people employed in high-tech services per 1,000 inhabitants.

Sources: Robert Huggins World Knowledge Competitiveness Index 2008

Biomedical technology transfer

Definition: The value of biotechnology transfer at the university level in each city, from knowledge creation to technology transfer and early-stage commercialization. The scores are based on total composite scores for all schools in each city.

Sources: Milken Institute Biotech Patent Rankings

E-readiness

Definition: Measures the ability of a country’s consumers, businesses and government to use information and communications technology to their benefit. Also assesses citizens’ ability to utilize technology skillfully and the transparency of the business and legal systems and the extent to which governments encourage the use of digital technologies.

Sources: The Economist E-readiness Report: Raising the Bar, 2008

Notes: Raw score by country, based on most populous city.

Transportation and infrastructure assets

Registered taxis per 1,000 of population

Definition: The number of registered taxis in each city is divided by the city population and then multiplied by 1,000.

Sources: Spanitz consulting NYC taxi & Limousine Commission City of Toronto Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau Los Angeles Taxicab Administrator Taxi Frankfurt eG Transport for London www.infotaxiparis.com Travel China Guide Singapore Land & Transport Authority Japan Economy News Transport Department HK Xinhua news agency Korea News www.gulfnews.com/home/ Taxis in New South Wales Human Sciences Research Council One Planet Travel Metro de la Cuidad de Mexico

Notes: Johannesburg: Metered taxis.

Miles of mass transit track per 100,000 of population

Definition: The miles of metro, tram and light rail track within the city is divided by the city population and then multiplied by 100,000.

Sources: Urbanrail Metropolitan Transportation Authority, State of New York Metro Light rail Transit Chicago Toronto Transit Commission Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Houston Los Angeles County metropolitan Transportation Authority

Notes: Commuter rails were not counted, only mass transit (equivocal to the Subway)

Aircraft movements

Definition: Air traffic movements include civil international passenger, cargo and non-revenue flights, but exclude military and local flights.

Sources: Airports Council International Greater Toronto Airport Authority Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Midway international Airport Long Beach Airport Heathrow Airport London City Airport Stansted Airport Gatwick Airport Aéroports de Paris Pudong International Airport Hongqiao International Airport Hong Kong International Airport Incheon International Airport Corp Aviation Centre of Excellence Sydney Airport Airports Company South Africa Infraero, Aeroportos Brasileiros

Incoming / outgoing passenger flows

Definition: The total number of incoming and outgoing passengers includes originating, terminating, transfer and transit passengers in each of the airports located within each city. Transfer and transit passengers are counted twice.

Sources: Airports Council International Greater Toronto Airport Authority Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Midway international Airport Long Beach Airport Heathrow Airport London City Airport Stansted Airport Gatwick Airport Aéroports de Paris Pudong International Airport Hongqiao International Airport Hong Kong International Airport Incheon International Airport Corp Aviation Centre of Excellence (Mumbai) Sydney Airport Airports Company South Africa Infraero, Aeroportos Brasileiros

Notes: Transit Passengers are defined as air travelers coming from different port of departures who stay at the airport for brief periods, usually one hour, with the intention of proceeding to their first port of destination (includes various transport hubs – sea/air/etc.)

Congestion management

Definition: The management-of-traffic-congestion score for each city is included from the 2008 Mercer Quality of Life Reports. The reports include the level of traffic congestion in addition to modernity, reliability and efficiency of public transport.

Sources: Mercer Quality of Life Reports

Cost of public transport

Definition: Data for the cost of public transport for the longest mass transit rail trip within the city boundaries are included; bus trips were used when rail systems were absent.

Sources: Transit Chicago NY City Transit Toronto Transit Commission Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Houston, Texas VGF Frankfurt Transport for London Visitparis.com Urbanrail Singapore Public Transport Council Tokyo Metro MTR Corporation Beijing Public Transport Holdings, Ltd LifeinKorea.com whereMumbai.com www.tripadvisor.com New South Wales Government Johannesburg Metropolitan Bus Services (Pty) Ltd Government of the State of Sao Paulo Metro de la Cuidad de Mexico

Building—approved and under construction

Definition: The number includes building projects either approved or under construction in each city.

Sources: http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/

Electricity

Definition: Total electricity consumption in megawatt hours is divided by the city population and multiplied by 1,000.

Sources: CNT Energy, a division of the Centre for Neighbourhood Technology (via email from Anne Evens, Director) New York City Government City of Toronto Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Gestionnaire du Réseau de Transport d’Electricité Shanghai Statistics Statistics Singapore Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of General Affairs International Energy Agency PwC Beijing Seoul Metropolitan Government Government of Dubai Energy Australia Integral Energy Government of the State of Sao Paulo

Demographic advantages

Density of population (people per square km)

Definition: The density of each city is calculated by dividing the city population by the land area of the city in square kilometers.

Sources: US Census Bureau Statistics Canada Frankfurt Government Office of National Statistics The French National Institute for Demographic Studies Shanghai Municipality Government Statistics Singapore Tokyo Metropolitan Government The Government of Hong Kong Beijing Statistical Yearbook Seoul Metropolitan Government Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Government of Dubai Australian Bureau of Statistics Encarta Statistics South Africa National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics, Government of Mexico City of Chicago New York City, Department of City Planning City Data City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning City of Frankfurt Transport for London City of Paris UNESCO Benchmark Property Seoul Metropolitan Government Urban Age United Arab Emirates Statistics South Africa City of São Paulo

Working-age population

Definition: A city’s working-age population includes all residents aged 15 years to 64 years within the city, divided by the total city population expressed as a percentage.

Sources: US Census Bureau City of Toronto Eurostat Office of National Statistics Swiss Office of Statistics Shanghai Statistics Yearbook Statistics Singapore Tokyo Metropolitan Government The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics Seoul Government Statistics Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Dubai Municipality Portal Australian Bureau of Statistics Municipal Demarcation Board of South Africa City of São Paulo National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics, Government of Mexico US Census Bureau Statistics Canada Frankfurt Government The French National Institute for Demographic Studies Shanghai Municipality Government Beijing Statistical Yearbook Seoul Metropolitan Government Government of Dubai Encarta Statistics South Africa

Diversity of city population

Definition: The number of countries represented in each city for which there is more than 0.5 percent of the foreign-born population.

Sources: Globalisation Urbanization Migration Project Shanghai Statistics Seoul Metropolitan Government Mumbai Police Department of registered foreign born workers

Financial clout

Number of Global 500 HQs

Definition: The number includes the Global 500 headquarters located in each city.

Sources: CNN Money, Fortune 500

Percent of employment in financial and business services

Definition: Ratio of employees in this sector to the total city workforce.

Sources: US Department of Labour The City of Toronto Frankfurt Chamber of Commerce and Industry Office of National Statistics National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies, France Shanghai Statistics Statistics Singapore The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China Seoul Metropolitan Government Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Dubai Municipality Department of State and Regional Development Statistics South Africa Government of Brazil Statistics Division www.inegi.org.mx - INEGI - Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia (National Institute of Statistics and Data Processing, Mexico)

Domestic market capitalization

Definition: The market capitalization of a stock exchange is the total number of issued shares of domestic companies multiplied by their respective prices at a given time.

Sources: World Federation of Exchanges Chicago Stock Exchange Ontario Economic Development

Notes: All cities in USD millions Houston, Los Angeles, Beijing: Country data

Level of shareholder protection

Definition: A measurement of minority shareholder protections against misuse of corporate assets by directors for their personal gain. The Strength of Investor Protection Index is the average of “transparency of transactions,” “liability for self-dealing” and “shareholders’ ability to sue officers and directors for misconduct.”

Sources: World Bank “Doing Business”: Investor Protection Index

Inflation

Definition: Inflation reflects the rise in price of goods and services, or the Consumer Price Index (CPI).

Sources: The Economist

Notes: Output, prices and jobs, The index measures the average change in Consumer Prices over a period of time at each centre and as such this cannot be used for comparison of costliness among different centers. All-India CPI (UNME) on base 1984-85=100 may be converted to old base 1960=100 by multiplying it with the linking factor 5.32.

Strength of currency (SDRs per currency unit)

Definition: The IMF variable is designed to measure the strength of currencies. It is essentially the amount of a basket of major currencies that can be bought by a given currency unit (measured in dollars). To access the official definition please refer to: www.imf.org/external/np/fin/data/rms_sdrv.aspx.

Sources: International Monetary Fund

Cost

Cost of business occupancy

Definition: The cost of business occupancy is measured by the annual total occupancy cost per workstation in USD within a city’s central business district.

Sources: Staubach, Global Office Occupancy Costs Survey

Notes: Occupancy Costs: average total cost of leasing prime net usable space (defined as modern, well-specified office space of 10,000 of within a prime Central Business District location). Includes rent and outgoings, e.g. maintenance costs and property tax, (if these are normally payable by the occupier), but exclude rent-free periods, fitting-out costs and other leasing incentives. Occupancy costs do not take into account the differences in leasing practices among markets. Total occupancy costs per workstation are based on total occupancy costs and space utilization standard per workstation. Accommodation costs on a per workstation basis provides a better indication of costs to occupiers as it reflects the way organizations occupy and use the space, as well as the cost of space on a unit-area basis.

Cost of living

Definition: The Cost of Living Indexes are based on Mercer’s cost of living database and are modified to include housing and to reflect constant weighting and basket items.

Sources: Mercer Consulting Cost of Living Survey, 2008

Purchasing power

Definition: A measure that establishes a link between prices and earnings.

Sources: UBS: A comparison of purchasing power around the globe / 2006 edition: Prices and Earnings

Total tax take

Definition: The total tax take includes the total amount of taxes and mandatory contributions payable by the business as a percent of the profit.

Sources: Doing Business, Measuring business regulations

Notes: All cities: country data, no city data available

Lifestyle

Entertainment

Definition: Includes the quality and variety of restaurants, theatrical and musical performances, cinemas, and sport and leisure activities within each city.

Sources: Mercer Quality of Life Report, 2008

Hotel rooms

Definition: Count of all hotel rooms within each city.

Sources: The Official Visitor Site for Chicago NYC visit The City of Toronto Opportunity Houston, Greater Houston Partnership Los Angeles Business Journal Frankfurt Tourist Board Visit London Eurostat China Hospitality News Singapore Tourism Board Tokyo Metropolitan Government Hong Kong Hotels Association Radio 86 All About China Trip Advisor Ministry of Tourism Government of India Dubai Tourism Australia Bureau of Statistics Statistics South Africa Travel Daily News Secretary of Economic Development of Mexico City

Housing

Definition: The term housing includes measures of availability, diversity, cost and quality of housing; household appliances and furniture; and household maintenance and repair.

Sources: Mercer Quality of Life Reports

City brand

Definition: The Anholt City Brands IndexSM is based on how a city is perceived, impacting decisions ranging from vacation destinations to business relocation. Rankings include such criteria as international status, physical assets, economic and educational opportunities, image, friendliness of citizens and basic public amenities.

Sources: Anholt City Brands Index

Skyline impact

Definition: A ranking of cities by the visual impact of completed high-rise buildings on their skylines.

Sources: Emporis Skyline Ranking

Number of international tourists

Definition: Includes international tourist arrivals for each city in 2006.

Sources: Euromonitor International Frankfurt Tourist Information

Notes: As Johannesburg doesn’t feature in the top 150 City Destinations, it is ranked bottom place

Commute time

Definition: The commute time assesses the average commute time across all modes, measured in minutes.

Sources: PayScale

Notes: Seoul: country data, no city data available

Health, safety & security

Crime

Definition: Includes figures of petty and property crimes, violent crimes and street crimes.

Sources: Mercer Quality of Living Reports

Number of hospitals

Definition: The number includes a count of all hospitals within each city.

Sources: Medline Plus: US National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health City of Toronto Consulate General of the United States Embassy of the United States CISMEF Singapore Ministry of Health Hospital Authority Yellow Pages www.joburg.org.za

Healthy Living Expectancy

Definition: The Healthy Living Expectancy is the average number of years that a person can expect to live in full health by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.

Sources: World Health Organization

Notes: Data by country from 2002, published in 2007, age taken as male HALE: HALE at birth. (HALE = Healthy Life Expectancy)

Infant survival rate

Definition: The probability of a child living until at least age one.

Sources: World Health Organization

Notes: Infant mortality per 1000 births by country

Natural disaster risk

Definition: The risk of natural disasters occurring in a region, including hurricane, drought, earthquake, flood, landslide and volcano hazards.

Sources: Centre for Hazards and Risk Research at Columbia University Geoff Pallay

Political and social environment

Definition: Governments’ relationship with other countries, internal stability, law enforcement, and the sociocultural environment—limitations on personal freedom and media censorship.

Sources: Mercer Quality of Life Reports

Ease of doing business

Ease of hiring

Definition: Includes data on restrictions and regulations employers must follow when taking on new staff.

Sources: World Bank ‘Doing Business’

Notes: Country data but worked out for most populous city in the country. Adjusted American cities in order of minimum wage.

Rigidity of hours

Definition: Reflects the flexibility in scheduling of nonstandard work hours and annual paid leave for a business.

Sources: World Bank ‘Doing Business’

Notes: Country data but worked out for most populous city in the country.

Difficulty of firing

Definition: Represents notification and approval requirements for termination of a redundant worker or a group of redundant workers, obligation to reassign or retrain and priority rules for redundancy and reemployment.

Sources: World Bank ‘Doing Business’

Notes: Country data but worked out for most populous city in the country.

Ease of entry: number of countries with visa waiver

Definition: The number of countries whose citizens may enter the city without a visa is quantified.

Sources: US Department of State Citizenship and Immigration Canada Federal Foreign Office Welcome to Germany Visa Requirements Home Office UK Border Agency Ministry of Foreign Affairs, France Federal Office for Migration, Switzerland People’s Daily Singapore Immigration & Checkpoint Authority (ICA) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in India Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Kingdom of Thailand Seoul Global Centre Bureau of Immigration, India: Ministry of Home Affairs United Arab Emirates Government Portal Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship South African Department of Home Affairs Consulate General of Brazil Mexican Foreign Ministry: Mexican Embassy to the United States

Flexibility of visa travel

Definition: Countries were ranked taking into account both the number of visa waivers available and the time the visa would be granted for. Any additional restrictions were counted as negatives.

Sources: US Department of State Citizenship and Immigration Canada Federal Foreign Office Welcome to Germany Visa Requirements Home Office UK Border Agency Ministry of Foreign Affairs, France People’s Daily Singapore Immigration & Checkpoint Authority (ICA) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in India Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Kingdom of Thailand Seoul Global Centre Bureau of Immigration, India: Ministry of Home Affairs United Arab Emirates Government Portal Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship South African Department of Home Affairs Consulate General of Brazil Mexican Foreign Ministry: Mexican Embassy to the United States

Notes: Countries were ranked taking into account both the number of visa waivers available and the time the visa would be granted for. Any additional restrictions were counted as negatives. Clarity of policy was counted as a positive – hence London wins this variable because although it does not have as many countries with visa waiver, the maximum time limit on the visa is clear (as opposed to Singapore & Hong Kong) where time limits vary by country.

Attracting FDI—number of greenfield projects

Definition: The number of greenfield (new job creating projects)in the destination city funded by foreign direct investment.

Sources: OCO Consulting

Sustainability

Green cities

Definition: The Green Cities Index from Reader’s Digest is based on 11 variables to capture a city’s local “greenness,” and “good citizenry.” Variables include raw data as well as qualitative analysis such as garbage production per capita, gasoline price, price of electricity, recycling laws, private vehicles per capita, public transit’s share of energy consumption and smoking laws.

Sources: Readers Digest

Notes: Dubai and Mexico City: set to country

Air quality

Definition: Indicated by the average annual concentrations of particulate matter measured in micrograms per cubic meter in residential areas away from air pollution hot spots, such as transport corridors.

Sources: The World Bank, 2004 Kyoto University The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Environmental Protection Department

Recycled waste—percent diverted

Definition: The percent of waste recycled in each city (diverted from landfills).

Sources: City of Chicago Department of Sanitation, New York City City of Toronto Waste News City of Los Angeles, Sanitation Department of Public Works Capital Waste Facts City of Paris Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, Singapore Statistics of Tokyo Hong Kong Waste Reduction United Nations Environment Programme Seoul Metropolitan Government Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai AME Info www.joburg.org.za Government of the State of Sao Paulo National Geographic

Green space as a percentage of city’s area

Definition: A city’s land areas designated as recreational and green spaces out of the total land area.

Sources: The Trust for Public Land, Conserving Land for People City of Toronto Regional Policy, Urban Audit, Frankfurt Mayor of London, the London Assembly and the Greater London Authority Ezine articles University College, Dublin, Greenspace China Daily John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Planning Department Bjinvest Seoul Metropolitan Government Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai Dubai Municipality City of Sydney www.joburg.org.za Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations City of Chicago New York City, Department of City Planning City Data City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning City of Frankfurt Transport for London City of Paris UNESCO Benchmark Property Seoul Metropolitan Government Urban Age United Arab Emirates Statistics South Africa City of São Paulo